Sergeeva A. Youth labor: consider the features of regulation

Labor protection for minors

In accordance with Art. 265 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation prohibits the employment of persons under 18 years of age:

at work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions;
in underground work;
at work, the performance of which may harm their health and moral development (gambling business, work in night cabarets and clubs, production, transportation and trade in alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, narcotic drugs, toxic substances, materials of erotic content).

It is prohibited for minors to carry or move heavy objects that exceed the limits established for them. The list of jobs in which the employment of workers under the age of 18 is prohibited, as well as the maximum weight standards are approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

The list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the employment of persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 25, 2000 N 163.

The maximum norms for carrying and moving heavy objects for minors were approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated 04/07/1999 N 7.

Young workers between 16 and 18 years of age should not be assigned to work that consists solely of carrying or moving heavy objects weighing more than 4.1 kg. The maximum limit for carrying heavy objects for minors from 16 to 18 years of age is:

for boys – 16.4 kg
for girls – 10.25 kg

Movement of heavy loads by minors is permitted within the limits specified in the resolution and only in cases where they are directly related to the permanent professional work they perform and take up no more than one-third of their working time.

In addition to work with difficult, harmful or dangerous working conditions, persons under 18 years of age cannot be employed in:

on a rotational basis;
at the same time.

Furthermore, in accordance with Art. 268 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, it is prohibited to engage an employee under 18 years of age in night and overtime work and to work on weekends and non-working holidays, as well as to send him on business trips (with the exception of creative workers of the media, cinematography organizations, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance of works, professional athletes in accordance with the lists of professions established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission on the regulation of social and labor relations).

Since workers under 18 years of age are not allowed to perform night work at all, their morning shift cannot begin earlier than 6 o’clock, and their evening shift cannot end later than 22 o’clock.

Overtime work for persons under 18 years of age is considered to be work that exceeds the reduced working hours established for them.

The length of working hours depends on the age of the employee:

between the ages of 16 and 18, working hours cannot exceed 35 hours per week.
at the age of 15 to 16 years, working hours cannot exceed 24 hours per week.

The length of working time of students working during the academic year in their free time cannot exceed half of the norms established for minors:

no more than 17.5 hours for persons aged 16 to 18 years.
no more than 12 hours for persons aged 14 to 16 years.

In accordance with Art. 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, normal working hours are reduced by:

for 16 hours a week – for workers under 16 years of age.
for 5 hours a week – for workers from 16 to 18 years old.

The length of working time for students under 18 years of age who work during the academic year in their free time from school cannot exceed half of the norms established by Art. 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, Art. 94 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:

for workers aged 15 to 16 years – 5 hours.
for workers aged 16 to 18 years – 7 hours.
for students of general education institutions (schools), educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, combining study with work during the school year, from 14 to 16 years old - 2.5 hours, from 16 to 18 years old - 4 hours.

For workers under the age of 18, production standards are established based on general production standards in proportion to the reduced working hours established for these employees.

For workers under the age of 18 who enter work after receiving general education or secondary vocational education, as well as those who have undergone vocational training at work, in cases and in the manner established by laws and other regulatory legal acts, reduced production standards may be approved.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Article 265) prohibits the use of labor by persons under the age of eighteen in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, in underground work, as well as in work the performance of which may harm their health and moral development. It is also prohibited for workers under the age of eighteen to carry and move heavy loads that exceed the maximum standards established for them[1].

It is prohibited to send workers under the age of eighteen to work overtime, work at night, on weekends and non-working holidays (Article 268 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) [2].

Persons under the age of eighteen are hired only after a preliminary compulsory medical examination (examination) and subsequently, until they reach the age of eighteen, are annually subject to a compulsory medical examination (examination) (Article 266 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) [3].

When concluding employment contracts (agreements), employees under the age of eighteen may be provided with additional benefits and improved working conditions.

The list of jobs in which the use of labor by workers under the age of eighteen is prohibited, as well as maximum weight standards are approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

The current List of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the use of labor by persons under eighteen years of age is prohibited, was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 N 163 (as amended on June 20, 2011) (hereinafter referred to as the List) . The use of labor of persons under eighteen years of age in jobs included in the specified List is prohibited in all organizations, regardless of sectors of the economy, as well as the organizational and legal form of ownership.

When undergoing industrial practice (industrial training), students of general education and educational institutions of primary vocational education, students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education who have reached the age of sixteen, may be at work included in the List for no more than four hours a day, subject to strict compliance with these works current sanitary rules and regulations on labor protection. The permit for practical training does not apply to certain conditions and types of work (work at height, steeplejack, explosive work, underground and underwater work).

Vocational training of young people in production for the jobs and professions included in the list is permitted for persons at least seventeen years of age, provided they reach the age of eighteen by the time of completion of training.

Graduates of educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, who have completed professional training with a period of study of at least three years in the professions included in the list, and who have not reached the age of eighteen, may be allowed to work in these professions in certified workplaces, subject to strict compliance in these industries and at work the current sanitary rules and regulations on labor protection.

An employer may decide to use the labor of persons under eighteen years of age in jobs included in the List, subject to the creation of safe working conditions, confirmed by the results of the special labor safety assessment, with a positive conclusion from the state examination of working conditions and the state sanitary and epidemiological inspection service of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Maximum permissible load standards for persons under eighteen years of age

The standards for maximum permissible loads for persons under eighteen years of age when lifting and moving heavy objects manually are approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated 04/07/1999 N 7 (see Table 1).

Table 1

Standards of maximum permissible loads for persons under eighteen years of age when lifting and moving heavy objects manually

Nature of work, indicators of labor severity

Maximum permissible load weight in kg
Boys				Girls
14 years	15 years	16 years	17 years	14 years	15 years	16 years	17 years
Manually lifting and moving loads continuously throughout the work shift	3	3	4	4	2	2	3	3
Lifting and moving loads manually for no more than 1/3 of a work shift:
- constantly more than 2 times per hour)	6	7	11	13	3	4	5	6
— when alternating with other work (up to 2 times per hour)	12	15	20	24	4	5	7	8
Total mass of cargo moved during the shift:
- lifting from the working surface	400	500	1000	1500	180	200	400	500
- lifting from the floor	200	250	500	700	90	100	200	250

Notes.

1. Lifting and moving heavy objects within the specified standards is allowed if it is directly related to the permanent professional work performed.

2. The mass of the lifted and moved cargo includes the mass of containers and packaging.

3. When moving cargo on carts or in containers, the applied force should not exceed: for boys 14 years old - 12 kg, 15 years old - 15 kg, 16 years old - 20 kg, 17 years old - 24 kg; for girls 14 years old - 4 kg, 15 years old - 5 kg, 16 years old - 7 kg, 17 years old - 8 kg.

General sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the safety of working conditions for workers under 18 years of age

Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the safety of working conditions for workers under 18 years of age” (SanPiN 2.4.6.2553-09) (hereinafter referred to as sanitary rules) were approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated September 30, 2009 N 58. Sanitary rules establish the necessary requirements for sanitary and epidemiological safety of working conditions for adolescents aged 14 to 18 years and the conditions for undergoing industrial training (industrial practice) by students of educational institutions of general and vocational education, in order to ensure safe and harmless working conditions that do not affect adverse effects on the growth, development and health of adolescents.

The requirements of sanitary rules are mandatory for all legal entities and individuals using the labor of teenagers and organizing their education, regardless of the type of economic activity, departmental affiliation, organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership.

The labor activity of adolescents should begin at the age established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Before reaching the age of 18, it is not permitted to employ teenagers (minors) in work that may cause harm to their physical or mental health. The list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the employment of persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, is determined by a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation.

It is not allowed to involve teenagers in heavy work associated with carrying and moving heavy loads manually in excess of the established norms of maximum permissible loads for persons under 18 years of age.

Working conditions for workers under 18 years of age must meet the requirements of these sanitary rules and sanitary rules for certain types of economic activities.

The working hours of employees under 18 years of age are regulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. When involving teenagers in shift work, the duration of continuous time free from work should not be less than 12 hours.

Sanitary and welfare provision for persons under 18 years of age is organized in the existing sanitary and welfare premises of the organization and must comply with the requirements of the current sanitary rules for certain types of economic activity.

The employer organizes and carries out production control over compliance with sanitary rules in accordance with sanitary legislation.

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations of persons under 18 years of age when hiring them

Persons under the age of 18 are subject to a preliminary compulsory medical examination upon hiring and an annual compulsory medical examination until they reach the age of 18.

The purpose of the medical examination is to determine the teenager’s ability to perform work without disrupting the processes of growth and development, deteriorating health status, as well as to determine the compliance of functional capabilities with the requirements for professions in certain types of activities.

Medical requirements for health status and the scope of necessary studies are determined in the manner established by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2011 N 302n.

During periodic examinations (or earlier if there are complaints about deteriorating health), a medical opinion is issued on the possibility (or impossibility) of the teenager continuing to work or recommendations are given on rational employment.

Adolescents with health problems are provided with medical professional advice by the treatment and prevention institution on the selection of a profession that suits their health status and individual characteristics.

Adolescents with disabilities are subject to examination by medical and social expert commissions and can be employed on their recommendations in workplaces that meet the hygienic requirements for working conditions for disabled people, taking into account the degree of risk of harm, and compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules.

Teenagers who have not passed a medical examination and do not have a medical certificate are not allowed to work.

Hygienic requirements for working conditions and organization of the workplace for persons under 18 years of age

Working conditions in the workplace in organizations of a specific profession that employ the labor of persons under 18 years of age must meet the requirements of sanitary legislation for the factors of the working environment and the labor process in which human activity is carried out.

Workplaces for teenagers are selected in such a way that in the presence of harmful or dangerous factors in the working environment (chemical, physical, biological) and labor process factors, their level does not exceed the hygienic standards established by sanitary legislation and sanitary rules.

Contraindicated for employment of persons under 18 years of age are working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of a working teenager and working conditions, the impact of which creates a threat to life, a high risk of acute occupational injuries (see SanPiN 2.4 .6.2553-09).

The permissible severity of the labor process for adolescents of different ages and gender (in terms of physical dynamic and static load, the mass of the load being moved, stereotypical work movements, working posture, movements) should not exceed the values presented in Appendix No. 2 of SanPiN 2.4.6.2553-09.

The intensity of work for adolescents should exclude increased neuropsychic stress (intellectual, sensory, emotional and monotonous stress). In this regard, for adolescents the following should be excluded:

1) working conditions and types of activities with a high degree of intellectual stress, under which the following is carried out:

— solving complex problems with choice using known algorithms (work according to a series of instructions); perception of signals with subsequent correction of actions, the requirement to make urgent decisions. Examples of such work include operator professions in transport and process control;

2) working conditions and types of activities with a high degree of sensory load, under which:

— the duration of concentrated control exceeds 50% of working time;

— the density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average per 1 hour of operation exceeds 175 signals;

— the number of production facilities for simultaneous control is more than 10;

— there is an increased load on the auditory analyzer (perception of speech and differentiated signals, the intelligibility of which is less than 70%; there is interference against which speech can be heard at a distance of up to 2 meters);

- the load on the vocal apparatus (the total number of hours spoken per week) exceeds half of the working hours per week;

3) working conditions and types of activities with high loads on the visual analyzer, under which:

— visually intense work when the size of objects of discrimination is from 1 mm to 0.3 mm exceeds more than 50% of the working time, when the size of objects is less than 0.3 mm it exceeds more than 25% of the time;

— visually intense work with optical instruments (microscopes, magnifying glasses, etc.) exceeds more than 50% of the working time;

— visually intense work when watching video terminal screens for more than 2 hours a day with an alphanumeric type of information display and more than 3 hours a day with a graphic type of information displayed;

4) working conditions associated with significant emotional stress, under which:

— increased responsibility for the functional quality of the main work (task);

— there is a risk to one’s own life and the safety of others;

5) working conditions associated with a high degree of monotony, under which:

— the number of elements (techniques) necessary to implement a simple task or in repeated operations is less than 6;

— duration of operations less than 25 seconds;

— the time of active actions is less than 10% of the shift duration, and the rest of the work time the progress of the production process is monitored.

Machines, equipment, tools, control levers, work furniture must meet ergonomic requirements in their parameters, taking into account the growth and physical development of a teenager.

Hygienic requirements for working conditions for teenagers

The conditions for practical training at regular workplaces for teenagers undergoing training in the system of general, primary and secondary vocational education must comply with the requirements of these sanitary rules.

The conditions for undergoing practical training in certain professions included in the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the employment of persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, and for justified technological reasons and the peculiarities of the labor process the specified requirements cannot be met, are determined sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization of the educational and production process in educational institutions of primary vocational education. Students who have passed a medical examination in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation are allowed to undergo practical training at workplaces in the specified professions.

Source: magazine “Occupational Safety and Fire Safety in Educational Institutions” No. 6/2019.

[1] Currently, there are standards for maximum permissible loads for persons under eighteen years of age when lifting and moving heavy objects manually, approved. Resolution of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated 04/07/1999 N 7.

[2] With the exception of creative workers in the media, cinematography organizations, television and video crews, theaters, theatrical and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibition) of works, in accordance with the lists of works , professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

[3] The procedure for conducting mandatory pre-employment and periodic medical examinations was approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2011 N 302n.
Other related articles

Occupational safety: young workers are especially vulnerable"

On April 25, a regional seminar dedicated to World Occupational Safety and Health Day on the topic: “Occupational Safety and Health: Young Workers Are Particularly Vulnerable” was held at the Forum Center for Cultural Development (Gubkin). Today, the health and safety of citizens engaged in labor activities is under close public attention. Creating conditions for safe work, and, consequently, ensuring a sense of stability and security for workers, is the most important area of work for executive authorities and local governments. Separately, it is worth mentioning the so-called “young” category of workers, who especially need additional information on safe work issues. For this reason, this year the theme of the annual seminar was “Occupational Safety and Health: Young Workers Are Particularly Vulnerable.” The regional seminar was attended by specialists from municipal district administrations whose activities are related to labor protection, and interested representatives of large enterprises in the region, as well as specialists from regional executive authorities, federal institutions and the regional association of trade union organizations, numbering more than 160 people. As part of the seminar, speeches were given by representatives of federal and regional executive authorities, the Belgorod regional association of trade union organizations, as well as regional enterprises. Thus, the mining foreman of the filling shop, the chairman of the shop trade union committee of JSC KMAruda Plant, Alexey Yurievich Toporov, made a report on the topic “Occupational safety and social partnership. Focus on youth,” showed a video highlighting relevant work experience at JSC KMAruda Plant. It should be taken into account that, according to experts, representatives of the so-called “young” age group are more often than others exposed to all sorts of hazards at work. This negatively affects the overall productivity of the population, and also seriously aggravates demographic problems, limits economic growth and reduces the labor force. According to the results of an analysis of industrial injuries in the region in 2021, 13% of serious accidents occurred with young workers, 27% were fatal accidents. Young workers are at higher risk of accidents than their more experienced older colleagues. This is due to a number of reasons. First of all, young people lack many years of working experience and a conscious understanding and knowledge of the dangers present in the workplace and the ways in which emergency situations can occur. Many young workers often have insufficient occupational safety and health training and lack sufficient physical and emotional maturity. In this regard, it is important to understand that only comprehensive coordinated work in all main areas in the field of labor protection and timely response to the constantly changing factors of the current reality will save the life and health of young workers, and therefore the entire nation.

Why do workers behave dangerously?

If workers are flouting safety rules, it is important to understand why they are doing so. Dangerous employee behavior consists of four negatives:

does not know how: does not possess the knowledge, special methods, techniques, skills necessary for work or is not able to assimilate and remember them;
cannot: feel unwell, tired, stressed, afraid, emotionally unstable, impulsive or distracted, drunk, physically weak, have difficulty seeing or hearing;
not provided : no tools, materials, protective equipment, conditions that meet sanitary and hygienic requirements, information about dangers to life and health;
does not want to: is unscrupulous, irresponsible, undisciplined, passive, takes risks, or is motivated to break rules.

To get workers to behave safely on the job, eliminate these four factors.

Each component of the formula for safe behavior of workers is a separate business process in the OSMS. The first three factors depend on the employer: he selects personnel, trains them, organizes medical examinations and conducts professional assessments.

But how can one create a strong desire in an employee to work safely?

PROTECTION OF LABOR RIGHTS OF YOUTH AS AN ACTUAL PROBLEM OF THE MODERN WORLD

The problem of finding the ideal job and the ideal employee has always been relevant and worries any age category. However, the issue of employment is most acute among students, young professionals and graduates. First of all, this is due to either the lack of a diploma or lack of experience. Employers assess this category of citizens as individuals who do not have sufficient skills to compete with an experienced specialist. It is assumed that it is irrational to attract resources to train young people, while during this period, without time and material costs, the required amount of work will be completed by an experienced worker.

In 2004-2005 The State University Higher School of Economics conducted a survey in which 516 managers of various enterprises took part. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed which requirements for graduates are of priority importance for employers. The requirement for work experience came first - 86.6%; with 80.4% results, second place was taken by the requirement of a higher education diploma; in third place were social connections (70.5%), 60.4% - knowledge and work skills.[5]

Over time, certain changes have arisen in employer requirements. Thus, in 2013, the Research Center of the Superjob.ru portal, after conducting a study among 1000 persons responsible for personnel selection, published the results of a survey that showed that at the moment the personal and business qualities of a person (74%) “outstrip” the requirements for experience ( 45%) and level of education (34%). [4]

Thus, a young specialist will be in demand if, in addition to a diploma and work experience, he also possesses the personality qualities desired by the employer and certain business potential.

In this regard, in addition to the problem of finding a job before receiving a diploma and gaining experience, there is a difficulty in finding a suitable place, if available, associated with increased attention to the skills and other characteristics of the person applying. In connection with this and a number of other factors, such a socio-economic phenomenon as “youth unemployment” arises.

In 2015, the Federal State Statistics Service Rosstat conducted a study on employment issues, the results of which found that in Russia among the specified age group of citizens the unemployment rate is about 15.1%. This figure is almost three times higher than the unemployment rate among citizens over the age of 30. [3]

This phenomenon can be considered one of the recent ones, because The problem of finding work for young people was not relevant during the planned economy. The 1936 Constitution enshrined the universal right to work and declared work to be a duty.

Construction projects on an incredible scale were opened, and a huge number of jobs were created. From 1961 until 1991, there was an intensified fight against parasitism, with eviction of up to five years as punishment. Criminal liability was not the only measure of influence; there was a psychological impact in the form of public censure at meetings of the labor collective and administrative liability.

The state created jobs in sectors of the national economy for graduates of schools, vocational schools, technical schools and universities. The entry of young people into the world of work was strictly controlled. This was a two-way obligation: citizens were obligated to work, and the state was obligated to provide jobs.

At the moment, the state adheres to a policy of “detachment” in solving this problem. General provisions have been adopted regulating issues of employment and the fight against unemployment, which are, first of all, considered by the Law “On Employment in the Russian Federation”.[1] But it does not contain norms clarifying the state policy towards young people. Moreover, there is no law specifically addressing the issue of youth employment.

According to Article 6 of the Law “On Employment of the Population of the Russian Federation,” issues related to employment of the population can be regulated by regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In an attempt to implement the right granted by this norm, the Saratov Regional Duma adopted the Law “On Youth Policy in the Saratov Region” in 2006.[2] At the same time, the issue of youth employment is not discussed in detail in this law: in the law, only one article is entirely devoted to the issue of youth employment.

If we analyze the laws regulating policies regarding young citizens and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, we can conclude that issues related to reducing youth unemployment and promoting employment are contained only in separate norms, and there are no special laws.

It becomes clear that in the fight against general state regulation, we have come to the conclusion that everyone must, to the best of their ability and ability, independently ensure their work activity. First of all, the absence of norms that would regulate the issue of employment in detail, up to the strict establishment of the responsibilities of employers for the employment of citizens, is due to the fact that in a market economy, when the occupied position of an organization directly depends on the total abilities of each employee, this would be unreasonable and significantly limited the employer’s rights to carry out its activities in the most efficient manner and the right to choose an employee who, in the employer’s opinion, could be ideally suited for the position and, accordingly, through his actions, generate profit and increase the recognition of the place of work among the population.

The main support for young citizens who have already received a diploma, but due to lack of work experience cannot find a job, comes from educational institutions. An example is the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. One of the structural divisions of the university is the Department of Organization of Internships and Employment of Students at RUDN University. The responsibilities of the department include organizing secondary employment for students in their free time from classes, supporting state and regional programs for the employment of students and graduates, conducting various psychological consultations, and much more. And thanks to established partnerships between the university and various organizations and enterprises, real assistance in permanent or temporary employment is possible.[6]

Similar employment assistance centers exist and operate, perhaps, at all institutions of secondary vocational and higher education, and with their help, universities try to support young and inexperienced specialists.

At the moment, the country has a situation that does not create special legal guarantees for young people in the field of employment, and, first of all, the answer to the question of whether the goals and desired results will be achieved depends purely on the person who set this goal. question. There still remains a contradiction between the needs of the labor market for labor in certain types of activities and the overproduction of specialists in other professional fields, where the demand for them has already been fully satisfied or such specialists are simply not required.

As a result, I would like to say that the state is not the only culprit in the current situation with youth unemployment. Young citizens themselves are to blame for this, because, not having practical skills and knowledge, they immediately apply for a high position with a high salary, and simply do not consider less prestigious options.

Bibliography

1. Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” dated April 19, 1991 No. 1032-1 (as amended on July 2, 2013) URL: https://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req= doc;base=LAW;n=194987 (accessed 09.10.2016)

2. Law of the Saratov Region “On Youth Policy in the Saratov Region” dated 10/09/06 No. 94-ZSO (as amended on May 27, 2009) (as amended on August 1, 2013) URL: https://docs.cntd.ru /document/933009041 (date of access: 09/10/2016).

3. Employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation in April 2015 (based on the results of population surveys on employment problems) URL: https://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d05/99.htm (date of access: 09/25/2016)

4. Research center of the Superjob.ru portal. Sociological survey. 2013. URL: https://www.superjob.ru/research/articles/111299/tolko-v-22-kompanij-otslezhivayut-effektivnost-raboty-otdelov-personala/ (accessed September 17, 2016)

5. Maklakova E.A. Employment of young specialists. // Bulletin of Leningrad State University. A.S. Pushkina, No. 1 volume 6 2015 URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/trudoustroystvo-molodyh-spetsialistov-1 (date of access: 09/20/2016).

6. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. [Electronic resource] URL: https://www.rudn.ru/?pagec=2737 (access date: 09/18/2016).