What types of electrical safety groups are there?

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1. Electrical safety group I applies to non-electrical personnel performing work that may pose a risk of electric shock. 1.2. Assignment of group I in electrical safety is carried out in the form of a briefing, which must end with a test of knowledge in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) testing of acquired skills in safe ways of working or providing first aid in case of electric shock with registration in the Logbook for assignment of group I in electrical safety. 1.3. Assignment of group I is carried out by an employee from among the electrical technical personnel with a group not lower than III, appointed by order of the head of the organization. 1.4. Persons with electrical safety group I must have an understanding of the dangers of electric current, safety measures when working with electrical equipment, know and practically provide first aid in case of electrical injury. 1.5. Assignment of electrical safety group I is carried out at least once a year. 1.6. The immediate supervisor of a newly hired employee is obliged to organize training for assignment to group I. 1.7. If an employee has not completed Group I electrical safety training, he is suspended from independent work. (The employee is exempted only from independent work, and not from work in general.) 1.8. The list of positions and professions of employees requiring assignment to group I in electrical safety is approved by order of the enterprise. Such employees include personnel engaged in: - working with PCs, multimedia equipment and office equipment, etc.; — work in premises where there is electrical equipment; — cleaning of industrial premises of the enterprise. 1.9. Electrical installations pose a great danger to humans, and human senses cannot detect the presence of voltage on the equipment from a distance, since electric current is odorless, colorless and silent. 1.10. The inability of the human body to detect current before it begins to act leads to the fact that the worker does not realize the real danger and does not take protective measures in a timely manner. 1.11. The danger of electric shock is also characterized by the fact that the victim cannot provide assistance to himself, and if assistance is provided ineptly, the person providing assistance may also suffer. 1.12. Approximately half of accidents involving electric shock occur during the professional activities of the victims. According to some data, electrical injuries account for about 30% of the total number of all injuries at work and, as a rule, have serious consequences. In terms of the frequency of deaths, electrical injuries are 15-16 times higher than other types of injuries. 1.13. Non-electrical personnel must: - comply with internal labor regulations and the established work and rest schedule; - perform work included in the job responsibilities or assigned by the administration, provided that he is trained in the rules for the safe performance of this work; — apply safe work practices; - be able to provide first aid to victims. 1.14. An employee who violates or fails to comply with the requirements of this instruction is considered a violator of industrial discipline and may be subject to disciplinary liability, and depending on the consequences, to criminal liability; if the violation is associated with causing material damage, then the perpetrator may be held financially liable in the prescribed manner.

Group V

Electrical technical personnel, including administrative and technical personnel. Management of the organization, specialists, engineers and technical workers. Employees organize, manage and carry out work at workplaces and in production units. They also carry out control and technical supervision of work in electrical installations up to and above 1000 V and at power industry enterprises.

Example of positions:

• Chief Power Engineer
• energy drink
• occupational safety specialist in electrical installations up to and above 1000 V at power industry enterprises
• inspectors of GIT and Rostechnadzor who have access to control electrical installations up to and above 1000 V

IMPACT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON THE HUMAN BODY

2.1. Electric current has biological, electrolytic and thermal effects on the human body. 2.2. Biological is expressed in irritation and excitation of living cells of the body, which leads to involuntary convulsive muscle contractions, disruption of the nervous system, respiratory and circulatory system. In this case, fainting, loss of consciousness, speech disorder, convulsions, and breathing problems (even stopping) may occur. In case of severe electrical injury, death can occur instantly. 2.3. Electrolytic effects manifest themselves in the decomposition of blood plasma and other organic liquids, which can lead to a disruption of their physical and chemical composition. 2.4. Thermal exposure is accompanied by burns of parts of the body and overheating of individual internal organs, causing various functional disorders in them. The resulting electric arc causes local damage to human tissues and organs. 2.5. According to the severity of electrical injuries, they are classified into four degrees: - I degree - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness; — II degree – convulsive muscle contraction and loss of consciousness; — III degree – loss of consciousness and dysfunction of cardiac activity and breathing; — IV degree – clinical death. 2.6. Burns are divided into four degrees: - I degree - redness of the skin; — II degree – formation of bubbles; — III degree – charring of the skin; — IV degree – charring of subcutaneous tissue, muscles, blood vessels, etc... 2.7. Types of electric shock: - electrical burns, divided into current (contact), arc and combined; - electrical marks (signs) - specific damage to the skin by electric current; - metallization of the skin - penetration into the upper layers of the skin of the smallest particles of metal (welding work), melted under the influence of an electric arc; - mechanical damage - a consequence of sharp involuntary convulsive contractions of muscles under the influence of current or a fall from a height when released from the action of electric current; — electroophthalmia – damage to the organs of vision (electric arc); — electric shock is a kind of severe neuroreflex reaction of the body, accompanied by serious disorders of blood circulation, breathing, and metabolism; - electric shock - stimulation of living tissues of the body by electric current, accompanied by involuntary convulsive muscle contractions. 2.8. The severity of electrical injuries depends on the strength of the current passing through a person, the type of current, the time of exposure, the physiological state of the body (individual properties) and environmental conditions. 2.9. Current strength. The overall reaction of the body depends on its magnitude. The maximum permissible value of alternating current is 0.3 mA. When the current strength increases to 0.6-1.6 mA, a person begins to feel its effect, and a slight trembling of the hands occurs. With a current strength of 8-10 mA, the muscles of the arm (in which the conductor is clamped) contract, and the person is unable to free himself from the action of the current. AC current values ​​of 50-200 mA or more cause cardiac fibrillation, which can lead to cardiac arrest. 2.10. Type of current. The maximum permissible value of direct current is 3-4 times higher than the permissible value of alternating current, but this is at a voltage not higher than 260-300 V. At higher values, it is more dangerous for humans due to its electrolytic effects. 2.11. Resistance of the human body. The human body conducts electricity. Electrification occurs when there is a potential difference between two points in a given organism. It is important to emphasize that the danger of electrical accidents does not arise from simple contact with a live wire, but from simultaneous contact with a live wire and another object at a difference in potential. The resistance of the human body is made up of three components: the resistance of the skin (at contact points), internal organs and the capacity of the human skin. The main resistance value is the superficial skin (up to 0.2 mm thick). When the skin is moistened and damaged in places of contact with live parts, its resistance drops sharply. 2.12. The resistance of the skin decreases greatly with increasing density and area of ​​contact with live parts. At a voltage of 200-300 V, an electrical breakthrough occurs in the upper layer of the skin. 2.13. Duration of current exposure. The severity of the injury depends on the duration of exposure to the electric current. The time it takes for the electrical current to pass is critical in determining the extent of injury. For example, marine fish (electric eel rays) produce extremely unpleasant discharges that can cause loss of consciousness. However, despite a voltage of 600 V, a current of 1 A and a resistance of approximately 600 ohms, these fish are not capable of causing a fatal shock because the duration of the discharge is too short - on the order of several tens of microseconds. 2.14. With prolonged exposure to electric current, skin resistance decreases (due to sweating) at the contact sites, increasing the likelihood of current passing during a particularly dangerous period of the cardiac cycle. A person can withstand a lethal alternating current of 100 mA if the duration of exposure does not exceed 0.5 s. 2.15. The path of electric current through the human body. It is most dangerous when the current passes through vital organs - the heart, lungs, brain. 2.16. When a person is injured, 6.7% of the total electric current passes through the “right arm - legs” path through the human heart. During the leg-to-leg path, only 0.4% of the total current passes through the human heart. 2.17. From a medical point of view, the passage of current through the body is the main traumatic factor. 2.18. Frequency of electric current. The frequency of electric current accepted in the energy industry (50 Hz) poses a great danger of convulsions and ventricular fibrillation. Fibrillation is not a muscular response but is caused by repetitive stimulation with a maximum sensitivity of 10 Hz. Therefore, alternating current (with a frequency of 50 Hz) is considered three to five times more dangerous than direct current - it affects human cardiac activity. 2.19. By individual characteristics of a person (or physiological state) we mean: diseases of the skin, cardiovascular system, lungs, nervous diseases and everything that increases the pace of the heart (fatigue, excitement, fear, alcohol, thirst) contributes to an increase in the severity of electric shock. 2.20. Environmental conditions and the premises themselves in which electrical installations are located are factors influencing the severity of electric shock. 2.21. Premises are divided into three categories: - premises without increased danger; — high-risk premises; - especially dangerous premises. 2.22. Premises with increased danger are characterized by the presence of at least one of the following conditions: - conductive dust, soot; — dampness – relative air humidity exceeds 75% for a long time; — high air temperature – exceeds 35°C for a long time; - conductive floor - metal, reinforced concrete, stone, earthen; - the ability to simultaneously touch metal elements of technological equipment connected to the ground or metal structures of a building and metal casings of equipment. 2.23. Particularly dangerous premises are characterized by the presence of: - high air humidity - close to 100%, “dripping from the ceiling”; — a chemically active environment that has a destructive effect on the insulation of electrical equipment; - simultaneous presence of two or more signs of premises with increased danger. 2.24. Premises without increased danger, i.e. in which all the above conditions are absent. 2.25. There is no category of safe premises where electrical installations are used. There is always a danger of electric shock in any premises! 2.26. Employees notify their immediate supervisor of any detected malfunctions. In this case, starting work is allowed after troubleshooting and only after receiving permission from the immediate supervisor.

CAUSES OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

3.1. Human contact with non-insulated live parts of an electrical installation. 3.2. Touching metal parts of electrical installations that are energized as a result of insulation failure due to a faulty grounding device. 3.3. Malfunction of electrical devices (equipment, instruments, starting devices, wires, grounding). 3.4. The use of portable lamps and power tools of higher voltage than those established by the rules in rooms with increased and special danger. 3.5. Violation of rules and instructions for the operation of electrical equipment.

III group

Electrical and electrical engineering personnel. Assigned to employees involved in the operation of electrical equipment, it gives the right to independently install equipment and connect its electrical networks, as well as the right to inspect or service electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V.

Example of positions:

• electrician
• electrician
• auto electrician
• repairman
• electric arc furnace operator
• electrician
• electromechanic

EXTERNAL SIGNS OF ELECTRICAL DEVICES MALFUNCTION

4.1. External signs of malfunction of electrical devices are: - the presence of cracks and chips in the housings of devices and starting devices, their unreliable fastening to the bases; — presence of exposed live parts; — unreliable fastening of elements of electrical devices (poor connection of the halves of the plug, loose fastening of the pins) that can cause a short circuit; - wear, marks, breaks on the supply cords, especially at the point where the cord enters the plug block and the device; — loose fit of the plug into the socket; - the appearance of smoke, a specific smell of burning rubber or plastic, overheating and sparking. 4.2. If malfunctions occur, the electrical device should be de-energized, and portable devices should be turned off, disconnected from the network and reported to the immediate supervisor.

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

5.1. Equipment with external power supply, depending on the method of protection against electric shock, is divided into class IV: - electrical equipment of safety class I, in addition to basic insulation, has a grounding contact of the power cord plug or a clamp on the housing with a permanent connection to the network, which serves to connect those accessible to touch metal parts to an external grounding device; — devices of safety class 0I, in addition to basic insulation, have a clamp for connecting accessible metal parts to an external grounding device; the power cord plug does not have a grounding contact; — electrical equipment of safety class II (with double or reinforced insulation, has, in addition to the main insulation, additional insulation, a sign at the entrance of the power cord into the housing) and does not require protective grounding or grounding; — class III devices are powered from an isolated current source with an alternating voltage of no more than 24 V or a direct voltage of no more than 50 V and do not have circuits with a higher voltage and do not require protective grounding or grounding. 5.2. If the degree of protection (class) is not indicated in the markings on the equipment or in the operating instructions (passport) or they are lost, then such devices must be checked by engineering and technical personnel to determine their suitability for further safe operation. It is prohibited to allow the use of such devices by customers (for example, refrigerators) if the degree of their protection is unknown. 5.3. To protect against electric shock, all accessible metal parts of Class I and Class 0I equipment must be grounded or neutralized. 5.4. The continuity of the circuit between the protective grounding terminal on the electrical installation and the grounding terminal on the panel or protective grounding bus must be checked by personnel inspection at the beginning of each work shift. It is prohibited to supply mains power to the electrical installation if the continuity of the protective grounding circuit is broken. 5.5. In the room where electrical equipment is operated, radiators and metal pipes for heating, water supply, sewer and gas systems must be covered with wooden gratings or other dielectric barrier devices, and the floors must be non-conductive. 5.6. Personnel are prohibited from connecting electrical equipment to the network if the insulation of the power cord and plug body is damaged, as well as other defects that may cause personnel to touch live parts. 5.7. If a malfunction is detected during the operation of electrical equipment, personnel must immediately disconnect the faulty device from the network and report this to their immediate supervisor. 5.8. It is prohibited to work with faulty equipment; work can be resumed only after the fault has been eliminated and there is a corresponding entry in the maintenance log by the person responsible for the serviceability of the electrical equipment. 5.9. It is prohibited to disconnect electrical equipment by pulling the plug from the socket by the cord; force must be applied to the body of the plug. 5.10. It is prohibited to transport carts over wires and cables, to step on electrical cables or cords of electrical equipment, to carry running electrical devices or leave them plugged in without supervision, or to throw plugs on the floor. 5.11. When connecting stationary equipment, the use of adapters and extension cords (except for special stabilizing devices) is prohibited, for which a sufficient number of plug sockets must be provided in the premises. 5.12. Workers are prohibited from using electrical equipment without first familiarizing themselves with the principle of its operation and the rules of safe operation (passport or instructions). 5.13. It is prohibited to check the functionality of electrical equipment in rooms that are not suitable for use with conductive floors, damp, and do not allow accessible metal parts to be grounded (for classes 0I and I). 5.14. Personnel are prohibited from independently repairing faults in electrical equipment; repairs are carried out by a worker with the required qualifications and only after disconnecting the device from the network. 5.15. It is prohibited to use electric stoves with open spirals, electric heaters without protective enclosures, and other electrical receivers with live parts that can be touched indoors. 5.16. It is prohibited to place the wires of portable lamps and electrified tools on wet surfaces, hot objects, or in places where they may be subject to friction, twisting, or tension. Wipe electrical installations connected to the network with wet rags. Wash the walls where electrical appliances are installed, cables and wires are laid. Clean the premises using a watering hose near the switchgear and electric motors installed on the floor.

Assignment of II-V electrical safety groups

The electrical safety group for electrical personnel in an organization is assigned by a commission. Applicants undergo preliminary training and take an exam according to developed training programs. The result of the certification (knowledge test) is recorded in a special journal.

Commission for testing the knowledge of electrical engineering personnel

A commission to test the knowledge of electrical engineering personnel of an enterprise is created by order of the manager. The commission consists of at least five people (clause 1.4.30 of the PTEEP). In this case, the chairman and at least two members of the commission must pass a knowledge test at Rostechnadzor.

The person responsible for the electrical facilities (for example, the chief power engineer) is usually appointed as the chairman of the commission. As we wrote above, the chairman must pass a knowledge test in the Rostechnadzor commission and have an electrical safety group of at least IV - for organizations with electrical installations up to 1000 V or V electrical safety group for electrical installations up to and above 1000 V. At the same time, the chairman and his deputy the access group must be no lower than the one being certified. As a rule, members of the commission are a labor protection specialist, technical managers, and leading specialists (chief mechanic, chief engineer). The commission must always consist of an odd number of members. Even if the chairman is absent during the knowledge test (he is replaced by a deputy) or one of the members, a separate order is not required. Sometimes it is advisable for structural divisions to create their own separate commissions to test the knowledge of electrical personnel, the members of which undergo a knowledge test in the central commission of their organization (clause 1.4.32 of PTEEP).

Study programs and exam papers

For pre-certification training of electrical engineering personnel, we offer you samples of training programs and a list of exam papers.

Logbook for testing knowledge of operating rules in electrical installations

After the creation of a commission on electrical safety and the development of training programs and examination cards for assigning groups II-V electrical safety to electrical personnel in the organization, it will be necessary to create a special journal to record the testing of knowledge of the rules of work in electrical installations. The form of the journal is given in Appendix No. 6 of the Rules on labor protection during the operation of electrical installations (Order of the Ministry of Labor No. 328n dated July 24, 2013).

In electric power industry organizations, during the exam, the commission draws up a protocol for testing knowledge of the rules of work in electrical installations (Appendix No. 4 to the Rules).

FIRST AID FOR VICTIMS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

6.1. Quick disconnection from the electric current is the first action to save the victim. 6.2. In case of electric shock, it is necessary to quickly release the victim from the action of the current - immediately turn off that part of the electrical installation that the victim touches. When it is not possible to switch off the electrical installation, other measures should be taken to free the victim, taking due care 6.3. To separate the victim from live parts or wires with voltages up to 1000 V, use a rope, stick, board or any other dry object that does not conduct electric current. You can pull the victim by the clothes (if they are dry and are falling away from the body), while avoiding touching surrounding metal objects and parts of the victim’s body that are not covered by clothing. 6.4. To insulate your hands, you should use dielectric gloves or wrap your hand in a scarf, put a cloth cap on it, pull the sleeve of a jacket or coat over your hand, and throw dry cloth over the victim 6.5. It is recommended to operate with one hand, the other should be behind your back 6.6. On a power transmission line, when it is impossible to quickly turn it off at power points, you can short-circuit the wires by throwing on them a flexible non-insulated wire of sufficient cross-section, grounded to a metal support, grounding descent, etc. For convenience, a weight is attached to the free end of the conductor. If the victim touches one wire, then it is enough to ground only one wire 6.7. Everything mentioned above applies to installations with voltages up to 1000 V. To separate the victim from live parts energized above 1000 V, dielectric boots, gloves and insulating rods designed for the appropriate voltage should be used. Such actions may only be carried out by trained personnel 6.8. After releasing the victim from the effects of electric current or atmospheric electricity (lightning strike), it is necessary to carry out a full volume of resuscitation. Provide the victim with complete rest, do not allow him to move or continue working, as the condition may worsen due to burns of internal organs and tissues as the electric current flows. The consequences of internal burns may appear within the first day or the next week. 6.9. In all cases of electric shock, you must call a doctor, regardless of the condition of the victim. 6.10. First aid measures depend on the state in which the victim is after he is released from the action of the current: 6.11. if the victim is conscious, but had previously fainted, or was in an unconscious state, but with stable breathing and pulse remaining, he should be laid on a bed of clothes, unbuttoned clothes that are restricting breathing, create a flow of fresh air, rub and warm the body, remove unnecessary people from the room and create complete peace until the doctor arrives; 6.12. if the victim is unconscious, then he should be given ammonia to sniff, his face should be sprayed with cold water, and when he regains consciousness, he should be given 15–20 drops of valerian tincture and hot tea; 6.13. if the victim breathes rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is palpable, it is necessary to immediately give him artificial respiration until smooth spontaneous breathing appears or until a doctor arrives; 6.14. If the victim has no breathing (determined by the rise of the chest) and no pulse, he cannot be considered dead, since the supply of oxygen in the body lasts 4–8 minutes, you must immediately begin artificial respiration and external (indirect) cardiac massage. 6.15. The victim should be transferred to another place only in cases where he or the person providing assistance continues to be in danger or when providing assistance on the spot is impossible. Rules for determining signs of clinical death 6.16. To conclude that clinical death has occurred in a motionless victim, it is enough to ensure the absence of consciousness and pulse in the carotid artery. 6.17. You should not waste time determining consciousness by waiting for answers to the questions: “Are you all right? Is it possible to start providing assistance? Pressure on the neck in the area of ​​the carotid artery is a strong pain stimulus. 6.18. You should not waste time identifying signs of breathing. They are elusive, and identifying them with the help of cotton wool, a mirror, or observing the movement of the chest can waste an unreasonably large amount of time. Spontaneous breathing without a pulse in the carotid artery lasts no more than a minute, and inhaling artificial respiration to an adult cannot cause harm under any circumstances. If signs of clinical death are confirmed. 6.19. Quickly free the chest from clothing and strike the sternum. If it is ineffective, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Rules for determining the pulse in the carotid artery. 6.20. Place four fingers on the victim's neck and make sure there is no pulse in the carotid artery. 6.21. The pulse should be determined for at least 10 seconds. Rules for freeing the chest from clothing for resuscitation. 6.22. Unbutton your shirt and free your chest. 6.23. Raise the jumper, sweater or turtleneck and move it towards the neck. 6.24. A tank top, T-shirt or any underwear made of thin fabric need not be removed. But before striking the sternum or performing chest compressions, you should make sure that there is no cross or pendant under the fabric. 6.25. Be sure to unfasten or loosen the waist belt. There are known cases when, during chest compressions, the liver was damaged by the edge of a hard belt. Rules for striking the sternum. 6.26. Make sure there is no pulse in the carotid artery. 6.27. Cover the xiphoid process with two fingers. 6.28. Strike with your fist above your fingers covering the xiphoid process. 6.29. After the impact, check the pulse in the carotid artery. If there is no pulse, make one or two more attempts. 6.30. Do not strike if there is a pulse in the carotid artery. 6.31. You cannot strike the xiphoid process. Attention! In the event of clinical death, especially after electric shock, the first thing to do is to strike the victim in the sternum. If the blow is struck within the first minute after cardiac arrest, then the probability of revival exceeds 50%. 6.32. If after several beats a pulse does not appear in the carotid artery, then proceed to chest compressions. Rules for performing chest compressions and ventilation-free resuscitation. 6.33. Place the base of the right palm above the xiphoid process so that the thumb is directed towards the chin or abdomen of the victim. Place your left palm on the palm of your right hand. 6.34. Move the center of gravity to the victim’s sternum and perform indirect cardiac massage with straight arms. 6.35. Push the chest at least 3-5 cm with a frequency of at least 60 times per minute. 6.36. Start each subsequent pressure only after the chest returns to its original position. 6.37. The optimal ratio of chest compressions and mechanical ventilation breaths is 30:2, regardless of the number of resuscitation participants. 6.38. If possible, apply cold to the head. Attention! With each pressure on the chest, an active exhalation occurs, and when it returns to its original position, a passive inhalation occurs. When discharge from the victim’s mouth poses a threat to the health of the rescuer, you can limit yourself to performing chest compressions, i.e. non-ventilation option for resuscitation. For indirect cardiac massage to be effective, it must be performed on a flat, hard surface. Rules for inhaling mechanical ventilation using the “mouth to mouth” method. 6.39. With your right hand, clasp the chin so that the fingers located on the victim’s lower jaw and cheeks can unclench and spread his lips. 6.40. Pinch your nose with your left hand. 6.41. Tilt the victim's head back and hold it in this position until the end of the inhalation. 6.42. Press your lips tightly against the victim’s lips and exhale as much as possible into him. If, during an inhalation of mechanical ventilation, the fingers of the right hand feel swelling of the cheeks, one can make an unmistakable conclusion that the attempt to inhale is ineffective. 6.43. If the first attempt to inhale mechanical ventilation was unsuccessful, you should increase the angle of head tilt and try again. 6.44. If the second attempt to inhale mechanical ventilation was unsuccessful, then it is necessary to apply 30 pressures on the sternum, turn the victim on his stomach, clean the oral cavity with his fingers, and only then inhale mechanical ventilation. Attention! There is no need to unclench the victim's jaws, since the teeth do not obstruct the passage of air. It is enough to open your lips only 6.45. First medical aid should be provided within the first four to five minutes after an electric shock. Using modern methods of resuscitation in the first two minutes after the onset of clinical death, up to 92% of victims can be saved, and within three to four minutes - only 50%. 6.46. In case of electric shock, the victim should in any case consult a doctor. After a few hours, dangerous consequences may occur (a drop in cardiac activity caused by impaired cardiac function due to exposure to electric current). Peripheral vascular abnormalities may be detected one week after injury. There have been cases where cataracts developed after several months.

Thanks to Timofey for providing the instructions! =)